Chapter 31

Name: Chapter 31
Address: TH

Chapter 31 is a condominium located in Khlong Toei Nuea, Vadhana, Bangkok. The developer and completion date are not specified. Nearby points of interest include Soi Japan (soi 33) about 1 minute away, WellMed clinic roughly 181m away, GoodWill Foundation school about 583m away, and PAWYARD at EMSPHERE park around 652m away. Kamphaeng Saen Airport is about 85 minutes from the project, and there is 1 nearby beach.

See Available Condos

In Chapter 31

Location

Vadhana

8 min

to Sukhumvit Station

85 min

to Kamphaeng Saen Airport

commute

1 min

Vadhana

Check your commute

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Neighborhood

Vadhana

Vadhana is the heart of Bangkok's international community. Anchored by the BTS Sukhumvit line, the district encompasses Thong Lo (Soi 55), Ekkamai (Soi 63), and Phrom Phong (Soi 24–39) — arguably Bangkok's most livable and cosmopolitan neighborhoods. Tree-lined sois, rooftop bars, Japanese izakayas, French bistros, and Thai street food coexist within walking distance. Thong Lo — Bangkok's trendiest neighborhood. High-end condos, craft cocktail bars, specialty coffee shops, and boutique fitness studios. Slightly more affordable than Phrom Phong for similar quality. Phrom Phong — Family-friendly with EmQuartier/Emporium malls, Benchasiri Park, Samitivej Hospital, and numerous international restaurants. The Japanese community hub — supermarkets like Fuji and UFM are here. Ekkamai — More relaxed than Thong Lo, with community malls, vintage shops, and a younger creative scene. Gateway Mall and the Eastern Bus Terminal are landmarks. Yes — Vadhana is one of Bangkok's best districts for families. Samitivej Sukhumvit Hospital is world-class, several international schools are nearby (Bangkok Prep, Wells, NIST in adjacent Khlong Toei), and the area is walkable by Bangkok standards. Plenty of playgrounds, family restaurants, and kid-friendly cafes. The main downside is price — this is a premium neighborhood. Among Bangkok's most expensive. New condos: 150,000–300,000 THB/sqm. Resale units in older buildings: 80,000–150,000 THB/sqm. Rental for a 1-bed condo: 25,000–55,000 THB/month. 2-bed family units: 45,000–120,000 THB/month. Houses/townhouses on this side of Bangkok are rare and expensive when available.

Explore Vadhana

Location risk & context

river floodingMedium(estimated)

flash floodingLow(estimated)

droughtHigh(based on the surrounding area)

poor air qualityMedium(observed)

fire riskNot enough data yet(basis not available)

extreme heatLow(based on the surrounding area)

River flooding: Terrain height above nearest drainage: 5.919180338220909 m. This is an indirect screening indicator.; Evidence scope: Modelled screening · Confidence: Medium
Flash flooding: Terrain-derived susceptibility band: Minimal. This is not a flood-depth forecast.; Evidence scope: Modelled screening · Confidence: High
Drought: Rainfall was below the local normal in 20.833333333333336% of analysed 10-day periods. Regional screening uses project-defined thresholds.; Evidence scope: Area context · Confidence: Medium
Air quality: Annual mean PM2.5: 21.4137936382034 µg/m³, source: OpenAQ. This is not a current air-quality reading.; Evidence scope: Area context · Confidence: Medium
Fire: No usable evidence is available.; Evidence scope: Insufficient evidence
Heat: Annual mean of monthly maximum temperatures: 31.6985529589617 °C. Regional screening uses project-defined thresholds, not an individual health forecast.; Evidence scope: Area context · Confidence: Medium

Flood

River flood

No satellite flood observation covers this location yet

River hazard is scored only against a single 2024 satellite-observed flood event covering four northern Thailand provinces (Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, Phayao). "Unknown" outside that area means no observation exists yet — it does not mean the area is safe.

Flash flood

Minimal — flat terrain, far from any watercourse

Confidence: high

Height above nearest drainage: 5.9 m
Distance to nearest watercourse: 4359 m
Slope: 4.4%

Flash-flood terrain data is derived from OpenStreetMap waterway data. See OpenStreetMap attribution

Area context

Government construction cost estimate, maximum: 12,000 THB/m² — In Bangkok province; Source: Treasury Department (กรมธนารักษ์) construction cost appraisal · License: Open Data Common (Treasury Department building valuation catalogue) · 2024-08-15 to 2027-12-31
Government construction cost estimate, typical: 7,950 THB/m² — In Bangkok province; Source: Treasury Department (กรมธนารักษ์) construction cost appraisal · License: Open Data Common (Treasury Department building valuation catalogue) · 2024-08-15 to 2027-12-31
Government construction cost estimate, minimum: 400 THB/m² — In Bangkok province; Source: Treasury Department (กรมธนารักษ์) construction cost appraisal · License: Open Data Common (Treasury Department building valuation catalogue) · 2024-08-15 to 2027-12-31
Driest month: December — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Climate rainfall annual total mean mm: 1,195.3 mm — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Average daily high temperature: 31.7 C — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Wettest month: September — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Height above nearest drainage (typical): 0.6 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Height above nearest drainage (lowest 10%): -0.9 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Terrain slope (typical): 0.2% — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Terrain slope (steepest 10%): 0.4% — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Distance to nearest watercourse (typical): 3,397.8 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Distance to nearest watercourse (closest 10%): 2,143.8 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Flash-flood terrain susceptibility: low — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, maximum: 14.8 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, typical: 5.7 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, minimum: 2.7 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, range: 12.1 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Share of 10-day periods with rainfall deficit (10-year): 20.8% — In Bangkok province; Source: Climate Hazards Center UC Santa Barbara & WFP -- Thailand: Rainfall Indicators at Subnational Level (HDX) · License: CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution International) · 2016-01-01 to 2025-12-31
Worst 3-month rainfall deficit (10-year): 26.8% — In Bangkok province; Source: Climate Hazards Center UC Santa Barbara & WFP -- Thailand: Rainfall Indicators at Subnational Level (HDX) · License: CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution International) · 2016-01-01 to 2025-12-31
PM2.5, annual average (low-cost sensor): 25 µg/m³ — In Bangkok province; Source: OpenAQ — Soi Rimthang Rotfai 3-2662388 (low-cost) · License: CC BY 4.0 (AirGradient via OpenAQ) · 2025-01-01 to 2026-01-01
PM2.5, annual average: 21.4 µg/m³ — In Bangkok province; Source: OpenAQ — Millennium Residence-2151387 (reference) · License: CC BY 4.0 (AirGradient via OpenAQ) · 2025-01-01 to 2026-01-01
Recent 3-month rainfall vs. normal: 108.4% — In Bangkok province; Source: Climate Hazards Center UC Santa Barbara & WFP -- Thailand: Rainfall Indicators at Subnational Level (HDX) · License: CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution International) · 2026-07-01 to 2026-09-21

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Get notified when new units become available in Chapter 31.

See Available Condos

In Chapter 31

Explore more

Chapter 31

Neighborhood

Vadhana

Explore Vadhana

Location risk & context

river floodingMedium(estimated)

flash floodingLow(estimated)

droughtHigh(based on the surrounding area)

poor air qualityMedium(observed)

fire riskNot enough data yet(basis not available)

extreme heatLow(based on the surrounding area)

River flooding: Terrain height above nearest drainage: 5.919180338220909 m. This is an indirect screening indicator.; Evidence scope: Modelled screening · Confidence: Medium
Flash flooding: Terrain-derived susceptibility band: Minimal. This is not a flood-depth forecast.; Evidence scope: Modelled screening · Confidence: High
Drought: Rainfall was below the local normal in 20.833333333333336% of analysed 10-day periods. Regional screening uses project-defined thresholds.; Evidence scope: Area context · Confidence: Medium
Air quality: Annual mean PM2.5: 21.4137936382034 µg/m³, source: OpenAQ. This is not a current air-quality reading.; Evidence scope: Area context · Confidence: Medium
Fire: No usable evidence is available.; Evidence scope: Insufficient evidence
Heat: Annual mean of monthly maximum temperatures: 31.6985529589617 °C. Regional screening uses project-defined thresholds, not an individual health forecast.; Evidence scope: Area context · Confidence: Medium

Flood

River flood

No satellite flood observation covers this location yet

Flash flood

Minimal — flat terrain, far from any watercourse

Confidence: high

Height above nearest drainage: 5.9 m
Distance to nearest watercourse: 4359 m
Slope: 4.4%

Flash-flood terrain data is derived from OpenStreetMap waterway data. See OpenStreetMap attribution

Area context

Government construction cost estimate, maximum: 12,000 THB/m² — In Bangkok province; Source: Treasury Department (กรมธนารักษ์) construction cost appraisal · License: Open Data Common (Treasury Department building valuation catalogue) · 2024-08-15 to 2027-12-31
Government construction cost estimate, typical: 7,950 THB/m² — In Bangkok province; Source: Treasury Department (กรมธนารักษ์) construction cost appraisal · License: Open Data Common (Treasury Department building valuation catalogue) · 2024-08-15 to 2027-12-31
Government construction cost estimate, minimum: 400 THB/m² — In Bangkok province; Source: Treasury Department (กรมธนารักษ์) construction cost appraisal · License: Open Data Common (Treasury Department building valuation catalogue) · 2024-08-15 to 2027-12-31
Driest month: December — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Climate rainfall annual total mean mm: 1,195.3 mm — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Average daily high temperature: 31.7 C — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Wettest month: September — In Bangkok province; Source: Open-Meteo (ERA5 reanalysis, via archive-api.open-meteo.com) · License: CC BY 4.0 (Attribution 4.0 International) -- https://open-meteo.com/en/licence · 1991-01-01 to 2020-12-31
Height above nearest drainage (typical): 0.6 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Height above nearest drainage (lowest 10%): -0.9 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Terrain slope (typical): 0.2% — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Terrain slope (steepest 10%): 0.4% — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Distance to nearest watercourse (typical): 3,397.8 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Distance to nearest watercourse (closest 10%): 2,143.8 m — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Flash-flood terrain susceptibility: low — In Vadhana district; Source: Terrain-derived flash-flood indicators (HAND + slope + OSM drainage proximity; NOT a forecast or probability, not calibrated against observed events) from Copernicus DEM GLO-30 (via Mapterhorn terrain tiles) and OpenStreetMap waterway data. The banded metric flags whether the region CONTAINS terrain susceptible to flash flooding somewhere within it -- not the susceptibility of the region as a whole, and not of any individual property. · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence, commercial use permitted (see ./region-elevation.ts's ELEVATION_SOURCE_LICENSE for the full citation) combined with OpenStreetMap contributors: ODbL 1.0 (https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright) · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, maximum: 14.8 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, typical: 5.7 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, minimum: 2.7 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Elevation, range: 12.1 m — In Khlong Toei Nuea subdistrict; Source: Mapterhorn terrain tiles (Copernicus DEM GLO-30 / WorldDEM-30, terrarium encoding, via tiles.mapterhorn.com) · License: Copernicus WorldDEM-30 Licence (COP-DEM-GLO-30-F, 'Global 30m Full, Free & Open' -- https://documentation.dataspace.copernicus.eu/APIs/SentinelHub/Data/DEM/resources/license/License-COPDEM-30.pdf); free of charge, reproduction/distribution/public-communication/adaptation all granted, commercial use permitted; required notice: "produced using Copernicus WorldDEM-30 © DLR e.V. 2010-2014 and © Airbus Defence and Space GmbH 2014-2018 provided under COPERNICUS by the European Union and ESA; all rights reserved." Tiles served by Mapterhorn (© Mapterhorn, https://mapterhorn.com/attribution) -- both notices required. · 2010-12-12 to 2015-01-07
Share of 10-day periods with rainfall deficit (10-year): 20.8% — In Bangkok province; Source: Climate Hazards Center UC Santa Barbara & WFP -- Thailand: Rainfall Indicators at Subnational Level (HDX) · License: CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution International) · 2016-01-01 to 2025-12-31
Worst 3-month rainfall deficit (10-year): 26.8% — In Bangkok province; Source: Climate Hazards Center UC Santa Barbara & WFP -- Thailand: Rainfall Indicators at Subnational Level (HDX) · License: CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution International) · 2016-01-01 to 2025-12-31
PM2.5, annual average (low-cost sensor): 25 µg/m³ — In Bangkok province; Source: OpenAQ — Soi Rimthang Rotfai 3-2662388 (low-cost) · License: CC BY 4.0 (AirGradient via OpenAQ) · 2025-01-01 to 2026-01-01
PM2.5, annual average: 21.4 µg/m³ — In Bangkok province; Source: OpenAQ — Millennium Residence-2151387 (reference) · License: CC BY 4.0 (AirGradient via OpenAQ) · 2025-01-01 to 2026-01-01
Recent 3-month rainfall vs. normal: 108.4% — In Bangkok province; Source: Climate Hazards Center UC Santa Barbara & WFP -- Thailand: Rainfall Indicators at Subnational Level (HDX) · License: CC BY (Creative Commons Attribution International) · 2026-07-01 to 2026-09-21

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Screening evidence is not a safety guarantee, a future risk forecast or a site inspection.

Chapter 31